What are the advantages of dental implants?

1. The dental implant is how is it?

There is no repair physical completely replace your original teeth, lost teeth as a result of illness or accident, then, in a variety of repair methods dental implant is the best option. Popular, dental implant surgery, the implants made of artificial materials implanted in the alveolar bone of the edentulous ridge, alternative root, and then as a basis to fix the missing tooth. The dental implant is composed of two parts by the implantation of the implant bone and the upper part of the implant-supported denture prosthesis. Dental implant treatment is surgical implants made of artificial materials implanted in the alveolar bone of the edentulous ridge, bind strongly to be the implant and bone repair as a basis for missing teeth. This is different from the kinds of crops, and does not depend on the buried seed to grow new teeth. Realistic mimic natural teeth to restore chewing function, solid bit better, more comfortable, no plastic denture base, there is no daily to remove the cumbersome clean.

2. What can do the dental implant?

Implant denture repair past the limitations of a larger implant denture technology continues to evolve, its advantages, the success of its long-term clinical practice, planting indications continue to widen. Has been developed to any missing tooth can be done to implant restoration for patients without dental implant denture early. Caused by a variety of reasons dentures difficulties or dysfunction due to psychological factors can not be restorers using traditional methods.

In addition to the normal oral conditions of patients can choose to do the implant denture, the following can also do the implant denture: (1). Alveolar bone, can be solved by the method of grafting. (2). Maxillary sinus and mandibular canal, through the X-ray and CT guidance under cultivation, the spiral CT is more accurate to guide the direction. Select the appropriate implant length, and accuracy of the implant angle. (3). Extraction immediately after planting. (4). Economic conditions of patients using overdentures. (5). Repair of mandibular defects, defects of the facial tissues and organs can also be planted. Implant restoration or a certain range. The oral examinations should first professional physician, photo panoramic X-ray film and do a routine blood examination in order to determine the suitability of surgery.

3. What are the advantages of dental implants?

Dental implants and conventional dentures, has many advantages. Remarkably lifelike appearance; good stability and masticatory function significantly better than conventional dentures; without grinding good teeth missing teeth next to maximize the protection of the patient's healthy tooth; small size, to minimize the false teeth on pronunciation ; comfortable health; neither cold again defying acid; easy to use. Whether it is bad too deep decay or trauma caused by the teeth need to unplug, dental implant is the most comfortable and attractive choice, so you no longer have to wear "looked fake, wearing false" dentures.

The dental implant upstart: if the teeth you want to unplug the conventional repair methods are first extraction, to be the extraction socket healing began 2 to 3 months after the denture. If the front teeth, ugly this time would not have said. Even a plastic temporary dentures, and will not see where, but the obvious foreign body sensation, wearing uncomfortable.

The next step is to choose a set of dentures or fixed dentures. Dentures every day to pick to wear, it is trouble! Wearing uncomfortable, but also exposed the clasp, it is affecting the appearance. Fixed dentures beautiful, much better level of comfort, but the missing teeth on both sides of the teeth grinding.

The dental implant as fixed dentures beautiful, comfortable, does not require grinding adjacent healthy teeth, so is a co-existence. Sometimes in the tooth at the same time to plant, so as not there are missing teeth, does not influence the social activities. Suitable for immediate planting, the need for medical treatment depending on the circumstances.

4. What are uncomfortable during the procedure?

The dental implant surgery is very small, and can be completed in the dental chair, generally only 15 to 30 minutes. In particular, immediate implant and tooth extraction over the same period and no increase in pain. However, if it is a long-term missing teeth after planting, there is resorption of bone defect, then the operation will be relatively complex, some of the pain. Good modern anesthetic techniques and postoperative care measures can make the patient's discomfort to a minimum. About 7-10 days in the mouth wound can be healed. Implant treatment, the implant in a precise manner, all the steps of the surgery is very mild. Similar to the trauma of the implantation of an implant extraction surgery; wounds implanted with multiple implants is similar to dental instruments more complex tooth extraction. In general, much smaller than the wisdom tooth extraction wounds. There may be some minor swelling after surgery, usually 2-3 days to mitigation; there may be some pain, oral ordinary painkillers can relieve, pain relievers generally do not have more than one day. Healing period, the need to pay attention to timely clean the wound area and avoid chewing hard objects. Many patients feel the discomfort of implant surgery tooth extraction but also lighter.

7. Cultivation of physical fitness to maintain long?

Implant treatment success rate is about 90%, depending on the clinical conditions. Also lifelong reservations. Implants to a certain extent can be considered natural teeth, and to operate in a comparable way. Excessive force may result in implant denture damage and implant loosening, poor oral hygiene, the risk of peri-implant infection. Postoperative periodic oral examination is necessary. In addition, there are a large number of implant systems. To select a reliable implant system is the key.

8. The dental implant may occur what are the problems?

Rare cases occur between the implant and the bone healing well, which led to the dental implant loosening and shedding. If the planting area of ​​infection may spread to other parts such as the maxillary sinus. When planting in the mandibular posterior region, it is possible to cause neurological damage. After implantation may occur varying degrees of pain, edema or bruising.

9. Implant treatment how long it takes?

Implant treatment can generally be divided into preoperative preparation, implant surgery and implant denture repair in three stages. The preparation phase before planting therapy specialized screening system, such as: X-ray, blood tests. In addition, cultivation of the Missing teeth and time should not be too long treatment plan and a series of preparatory work. Take several days. The implant surgery is usually performed under local anesthesia. The surgery usually takes 1 - a few hours. The day of surgery, preoperative patient should be normal eating, after eating soft food, liquid, and so on. Postoperative doctors should be the requirements of medication, referral, and pay attention to maintaining oral hygiene, 7 -10 days after suture removal. The repair is generally after surgery - six months. First two surgery, then the modulo, denture production, wearing dental work. The treatment generally takes 2-3 weeks.

Note for tooth during

Alternating primary and permanent teeth is a physiological phenomenon, in order to make this shift smoothly, parents, please notes the following. Frequently check the child's primary teeth are off schedule. If permanent teeth eruption of deciduous teeth has not yet come off, it is timely to ask the doctor to disconnect the retention of deciduous teeth, to make permanent teeth arranged in neat rows. Permanent teeth is with the shedding of deciduous teeth and eruption, such as milk teeth fall off fashion no eruption of permanent teeth, they should ask the doctor to identify the cause.

   

Eruption of permanent teeth size, shape and position are normal. Any exceptions should be timely diagnosis and treatment or regular observation. Strengthen the prevention and treatment of deciduous teeth and the newborn of dental caries, and to practice good oral hygiene habits, mouthwash after meals, morning and evening, brush your teeth, persistent. Attention to milk, the identification of the permanent teeth, not to the eruption of permanent teeth mistaken for primary teeth were removed, or delays in treatment.

   

Attention to the airway, and to avoid bad habits to develop mouth breathing. For this period, children are often due to tonsillar hypertrophy and pharyngeal adenoid hyperplasia, affecting airway patency and mouth breathing. Mouth breathing children for a long time, will form the open-lip grin of maxillofacial deformities.

6-year-old eruption of permanent teeth is called the first permanent molars, also known as "six age teeth, this tooth in the dentition in the middle of life take on the most important task of chewing, should pay special attention to the protection. Because it too early, there are dental instruments defects in the structure, plus the children of not pay attention to brush your teeth, also likes sweets, it is easy to caries. Once caries to early treatment.

   

The last one deciduous molar is prematurely lost. Second deciduous molar is the last edge of a deciduous; it should come off in the 12-year-old, while the second dual fangs should grow out of that location. Second primary molars often due to caries and premature loss of the first permanent molars grow in their rear forward, there's the possibilities of Black porcelain teeth gums reason the gap becomes smaller and then grow the premolar eruption in the normal position, resulting in The arrangement of teeth missing. Therefore, to protect the second primary molars, once caries as early loss should be treated in time.

Teeth whitening is more easily - and all-ceramic veneers

All-ceramic veneers teeth whitening methods:

The porcelain veneer is a covering in the whitening of the tooth surface of the porcelain restoration, use bonding technology, to save the pulp, the tooth surface defects, coloring teeth, discolored teeth and deformities such as dental porcelain whitening repair materials bonded covering its surface, in order to dental instruments restore the normal shape of the tooth structure and improve its color.

Do porcelain veneers whitening the ground a small number of teeth, dental colorimetric and then use a dedicated shade guide in order to determine the color of the veneers, and tooth colored dental defects or in patients with abnormalities associated with the case also to What are the causes of the formation of dental caries the teeth with full crowns in order to achieve the effect of improving tooth color.

What are the hazards of oral bad habits?

Harm any oral health habits, known as oral bad habits. So, oral bad habits, what does? What are the hazards?

    

Most harmful to the child is sucking fingers, licking teeth, licking upper lip, biting a pencil, biting, mouth breathing can cause tooth crowding, displacement, open-lip grin and to package the day, eating sweet food can cause tooth decay.

    

Adults, do not brush your teeth, or improper brushing techniques can cause periodontitis and periodontal atrophy, tobacco and unhealthy eating habits such as alcohol, over burns spicy diet, eating too fast can cause oral leukoplakia, mucosal dental instruments blood blisters, oral cancer, horizontal brush your teeth can cause teeth wedge-shaped defects, unilateral chewing can cause temporomandibular joint disease and contralateral edentulous system dysfunction and dental caries.

In short, the mouth a lot of bad habits, may bring a lot of damage, I hope that we can pay attention, to avoid the above-mentioned bad habits and Porcelain teeth shoulder porcelain full solution develop good habits conducive to oral health.

Three new methods of teeth whitening

People born in the 1970s, this life may bear a grudge tetracyclines, because in those days, people do not know that children should be used with caution in the tetracycline antibiotics, which children happen to the teeth during the excessive use of such drugs, there will be a yellow, brown or gray-black tetracycline.

Teeth coloring there are two main reasons: 1. Endogenous coloring, the teeth by the body's inherent or systemic factors in the growth and development during or after the eruption, resulting in change in the structure of dental hard tissue, teeth, permanent color change. Such as tetracycline, dental fluorosis, children before the age of 8 ingested a large amount of tetracycline antibiotics or excessive fluoride, lead to dentin, enamel structure, resulting in the light of the tooth surface, yellow or gray black. Two. Stain, the main external factors or dental instruments oral local environmental changes, resulting in discoloration of the teeth. Like tobacco, tea, drinks, food and drugs in pigment deposition, attached to the tooth surface, covering the teeth of normal color.

Ultrasonic scaler or hand scaling, restore the normal color of Stain teeth, but you want to stain teeth, cosmetic restoration tetracycline and other difficult.

Bleaching decolonization of bleach role in coloring teeth, tooth coloring some or all of decolonization, medically known as tooth bleaching, decolonization. At present, the common teeth bleaching agents are hydrogen peroxide concentration of 30%, and less irritating concentration of 10% to 15% per acetic urea. Composite resin cover gradually since the 1980s carried out a technology, the natural tooth color composite polymer resin coloring teeth surface, thereby restoring the normal color of the teeth.

Porcelain crown or veneer porcelain crown is very dark in color and accompanied by severe enamel defects tetracycline, bleaching decoloration and Dental experts Secret of acute periapical inflammation symptoms composite resin cover is difficult to achieve satisfactory results, the best choice or paste surface repair.

With white teeth is everyone's desire that I heard there any way to whiten teeth, people wanted to give it a try. Cause tooth coloring of many factors, local factors, systemic factors, exogenous factors and endogenous factors, coloring dental patients the importance of early treatment by a doctor to find out the reasons of tooth coloring, targeted treatment.

How to maintain dental implant?

Maintenance of dental implants directly determine the service life of the dental implant, improper maintenance will shorten the life of the dental implant. Many patients will choose the dental implant to repair missing teeth, but they rarely work hard in the weekday maintenance, we must know the dental implant is not our own teeth, the constant wear and tear in use, if not on the dental implant timely maintenance will reduce the useful life, then dental implants how to maintain it? The patients in this respect do not understand listen to the orders of a new era of cosmetic dentistry center experts.

1. To maintain oral health. Good oral hygiene is the key to extend the dental implant life, not only every morning and evening to pay attention to brush your teeth, usually three meals a day should also gargle brush your teeth, clear clean teeth every corner, to dental instruments avoid bacterial growth and reproduction in the tooth gap can cause decay.

2. Timed referral to the hospital. Generally done dental implant doctors remind patients the referral appropriate, patients should keep in mind the doctor's orders, once the dental implant problems can also be timely adjustments to solve, which is the maintenance of the dental implant method is very important.

3. Diet ban chewing hard objects. Dental implant surgery, do not immediately chew hard objects to avoid the loose teeth or porcelain crowns, porcelain breakage, should try to eat liquid or semi-liquid food, dental implants, after all, comparable to the Frequently Asked Questions about root canal treatment artificial teeth can not own real teeth in the event of damage on not easy to repair.

How the correction of dental anomalies

1. Correction. The most commonly used treatment methods activities of the appliance and fixed appliance two categories.

2. Active appliance by the patient self-removes and wear, the activities of correction used for the treatment commonly used in deciduous teeth of mixed dentition.

3. Cements the fixed appliance on the teeth, patients themselves can not be removed, fixed appliance wider application can be used for more complex treatment, adolescents dental instruments and adults of the permanent teeth of the use of fixed orthodontic appliance. Severe bone deformity may also need surgery to correction.

4. Due to the abnormal circumstances of each person is different, treatment is also different, the time required and cost is not the same. In general, the fixed appliance requires more than a year to adjust the mobile during about referral once a month.

5 Maintained. When dentition deformities have been corrected, the doctors will remove the original appliance, and then also need to give the patient to Infant oral health care law wear a retainer to prevent the teeth shift. Maintaining general also need more than a year, about every three months a return visit.

6. Dental anomalies, including preparation. Many patients wearing orthodontic appliances, extractions, and need to do some fillings, scaling preparations.

Removable denture tune grinding

Activities of the denture base area, the mouth down concave District of different sizes, the base plate of varying lengths, difficult to wear the teeth directly in place, so doctors are required to adjust grinding, but there is a need to adjust grinding at the naked eye is not very accurate steps such as grinding tune too much can dental instruments cause food impaction affect the use of the following as I wear the teeth:

1. Check the teeth arrangement.

2. (Check whether there have been sharp at the tissue surface resin process) with the index finger touch the denture edge and the tissue surface.

3. A red thin occlusal paper put, after wearing into the denture (if any place at will be red imprinting).

4. Tune grinding red imprinting District (to be repeated a few times) until smooth in place.

5 Tune grinding the middle of the side and reach co.

6. Tune grinding the Underpinning length (coarse stone, and change the grinding with sand stone, to prevent the emergence of sharp edges to produce tenderness).

7. Finally, denture re-polishing wear entrance.

8. To denture organizations such as the denture to produce tenderness referral surface drying, smear with crystal violet to tenderness by the insertion of the denture, so that the tender point can be clearly printed on the denture tissue surface, tune grinding shall comply with the many small survey grinding principle).

Advantages: This method tune wear dentures, the use of good, basic non-food impaction, retention and greatly reduced the tenderness of the mucous membranes caused by improper adjust grinding. Under normal circumstances, early wear removable dentures, patients need referral one to two IRA denture, denture wearing just into time, does not recognize some of the possible mucosal tender points, coupled with the patients themselves to When filling the best no in place, so making the referral when the changes in a more accurate.

Methods of teeth whitening

Methods of teeth whitening, teeth whitening there are many methods, laser whitening, laser light, teeth bleaching, etc. With the advances in medical technology, the advent of the teeth whitens by beauty of all ages, the teeth whitening methods whether it is how?

Methods of teeth whitening

Teeth whitening on the basis of inheriting traditional whitening methods, the introduction of high-tech cold. Teeth bleaching, peroxide-based whitening ingredients are to remove the pigment of the teeth, whitening agents, in addition to the peroxide-based bleaching agent, and also add a light-sensitive catalyst. Photosensitive catalyst in the cold light irradiation of high purity, greatly improving the efficiency of the bleach whitening time to reduce to the traditional white, 1/10 ~ 1/20, only 30 minutes to complete the whole process. After 30 minutes, the color of the teeth can enhance a Levels 5 to 14, changes will be very significant. Good whitening contain dental instruments glazed protective agent, not only does not hurt tooth enamel, but also to strengthen the enamel, the teeth of a sense of transparency and gloss, and visual effects are more natural.

Teeth whitening benefits: faster time to bear fruit, safety, sensitivity is small, the effect of tooth whitening methods a. Disadvantages: within 24 hours of teeth, some a little sensitive.

Teeth whitening cost: about 30 minutes, after which the whitening effect immediately effective. Tooth coloration deeper comrades can do it again every month, the effect is very significant.

Teeth whitening hold time: usually the teeth whitening can be maintained for more than two years, two years to do a cold processing.

Teeth whitening to the crowd: the crowd of mild to moderate tetracycline, symptoms of dental fluorosis, and hope that the teeth white and Porcelain dental treatment should pay attention to the dental trap white fashion crowd.

Teeth whitening Security: Whitening is the safest teeth whitening treatment will not cause any harm to the teeth texture, in addition to a slight tingling discomfort. The security gained world recognition of the dental field.

Denture dentures protection

Denture dentures protection

Denture dentures protection is a common topic of concern to many dental patients, following the protection of the denture, dentures to listen to the introduction of dental professionals.

Denture dentures protection, oral experts pointed out: Generally speaking, each person has 28 to 32 permanent teeth, up and down with the same name, about in pairs, each tooth has its own role. Tooth loss affects people's chewing function, affect the appearance and development, can cause severe periodontal tissue lesions and temporomandibular joint disorders. Therefore, a timely tooth is necessary.

The denture Note the following aspects: daytime dentures should wear in the mouth after a meal should be washed and kept clean scrub with toothpaste or soap in order to avoid the accumulation of food residue. Night before going to sleep, it is best to remove the dentures and oral tissues to rest and to avoid swallow dentures and other accidents. Dentures removed into the cold water cup to save in order to avoid dentures deformation.

Steel wear dentures often speak unclear, increased saliva, and even nausea and vomiting do not feel comfortable. In case this happens, do not tense and impatient, and insisted on wearing in a few days, getting used to. With stainless steel Szymborska Central dentures, should be along a certain direction of dental instyruments insertion of the non-use of force push. When removing the maxillary dentures application of first finger hook clasp pull down, mandibular dentures application thumb spire live clasp push up the pressure.

The denture Note if pain, false teeth loss, broken, or defect, should be the entire fault block to a hospital for examination, to repair.

Finally, the experts pointed out that the denture dentures protection is very important, dental health portal. The lack of teeth not only affect chewing function, and affect the appearance, in a timely manner the denture repair is necessary. The experts pointed out: best dental to large hospitals, not to the teeth of the street stalls, if the set was inappropriate, the formation of chronic irritation can cause oral ulcers and oral cancer, and even students.

Denture dentures protection is a common topic of concern to many dental patients, following the protection of the denture, dentures to listen to the introduction of dental professionals.

Denture dentures protection, oral experts pointed out: Generally speaking, each person has 28 to 32 permanent teeth, up and down with the same name, about in pairs, each tooth has its own role. Tooth loss affects people's chewing function, affect the appearance and development, can cause severe periodontal tissue lesions and Inlaid porcelain teeth steps the whole Detailed temporomandibular joint disorders. Therefore, a timely tooth is necessary.

The denture Note the following aspects: daytime dentures should wear in the mouth after a meal should be washed and kept clean scrub with toothpaste or soap in order to avoid the accumulation of food residue. Night before going to sleep, it is best to remove the dentures and oral tissues to rest and to avoid swallow dentures and other accidents. Dentures removed into the cold water cup to save in order to avoid dentures deformation.

Steel wear dentures often speak unclear, increased saliva, and even nausea and vomiting do not feel comfortable. In case this happens, do not tense and impatient, and insisted on wearing in a few days, getting used to. With stainless steel Szymborska Central dentures, should be along a certain direction of insertion of the non-use of force push. When removing the maxillary dentures application of first finger hook clasp pull down, mandibular dentures application thumb spire live clasp push up the pressure.

The denture Note if pain, false teeth loss, broken, or defect, should be the entire fault block to a hospital for examination, to repair.

Finally, the experts pointed out that the denture dentures protection is very important, dental health portal. The lack of teeth not only affect chewing function, and affect the appearance, in a timely manner the denture repair is necessary. The experts pointed out: best dental to large hospitals, not to the teeth of the street stalls, if the set was inappropriate, the formation of chronic irritation can cause oral ulcers and oral cancer, and even students.

 

Do porcelain teeth also need to pay attention to the sequelae?

Porcelain teeth gradually received more and more people welcome, but the porcelain dental restoration is not a once and for all the treatments. Porcelain teeth done well there will be many after-effects: such as false teeth, black edge, crowns close together due to dental caries, pulpitis, periodontitis, which requires a doctor has a good professional and technical, standardize operations to treat every patient with a high degree of responsibility.

Caries is a common complication after the porcelain restoration can occur on the edge of the prosthesis in contact with the tooth, the common cause may be the edge of the crown dental instruments and dental caries is not divisible by, or produced is not close together, the gap too large, the binder is dissolved by saliva, loss of closed role in the accumulation of food residues to the formation of plaque, resulting in the incidence of tooth decay, may also cause gingivitis causes the gums to congestion and edema. In addition, lead to tooth pain endodontics and periapical disease in the repair of porcelain teeth is also common.

People need porcelain dental restoration, we must choose regular dental hospital and Dental implant soft tissue points a high level of doctors and technicians to ensure that the use of performance and service life of the teeth.

Active gum care the principle of the row of teeth

(1). Beautiful principle:

Restore the 1/3 of the patients under the surface morphology, reaching 1/3 of the surface under the coordination of the entire facial proportions, people look younger, gives a sense of beauty. Dentition radians to be consistent with the jaw arch type, with a radius of type tip round, oval, the location of the anterior teeth to bring out the upper lip fullness and to achieve the following: the row of teeth to reflect the personality of the patients, according to the face , age, color, selected teeth.

(2). Organizational health functions:

1. The arrangement of artificial teeth either hinders the activities of the tongue, lip and cheek muscles in the muscular equilibrium position.

2. Occlusal plane and the nose tragus line parallel to its height at the outer edge of the tongue side of the most prominent, easy to tongue the food to the occlusal surface of posterior teeth, which will help stabilize the denture in the functional state. Posterior teeth dental instruments function should try to be on top of the alveolar ridge, so that the occlusal force transmitted along the vertical direction to the alveolar ridge.

3. Alveolar ridge absorb more inclined posterior teeth inclination in the direction of adjustment according to the alveolar ridge slope, so that the occlusal force transmitted to the alveolar ridge as far as possible the vertical direction, if the alveolar ridge is severely resorbed, requires attention to dental work together to be the largest at the minimum on the alveolar ridge at the reduce denture Alice in functional status.

4. Front teeth are arranged in a shallow overbite, light coverage, the middle of the front teeth in the tooth timely contact in protrusive and lateral movement of at least 1mm within the next tooth along the tooth bevel slide freely.

5. Free sliding between the upper and lower teeth, have a balance of occlusal contact.

6. Reduce the destabilizing factor in the functional status should be appropriate to reduce non-functional tip, such as the molar buccal tip and lower molars tongue, reducing grind food, denture swing.

Handling of emergency situations in the process of straightening teeth

Long time will do orthodontics, many dental patients in the course of doing orthodontics will encounter a variety of emergencies, these emergencies orthodontist usually inform patients in advance in case of emergency should be how to deal with, but not necessarily some human-induced emergency situation orthodontists can all be expected to, now, let the experts tell you how to deal with emergency situations in the process of straightening teeth.

1. Orthodontics with a ring: it difficult to solve this problem, please contact with the orthodontist.

2. Orthodontic accidentally swallowing bracket, band, to remain calm, usually by a stool. Such as breathing difficulties and other critical issues should also be timely medical treatment.

3. The orthodontic Results ligation wire of the problem: the junction ligation wire stimulate the mucous membrane can be used the eraser to push it to a suitable location.

4. Orthodontic arch wire: the end of the arch wire is too long to mucous membrane irritation, available slenderness clamp head end of the arch wire is dental instruments bent into a small circle-shaped, or at the end of the arch wire glue mucosal protective wax or sugarless gum.

5. Orthodontic bracket bonding: the bracket completely off to save, the next return visit to bring; shedding brackets still on the teeth, can maintain its fixed uncomfortable buy mucosal protective wax; if the prop off when the slot by sliding knot ligation wire arch wire damage mucosa, available clamp placed on the teeth, and timely contact with the orthodontist. Do not fall off the bracket to Armed human teeth violent action.

6. Orthodontic need at least 1-2 years to do the fight a protracted war. Orthodontics in accordance with doctor's orders on time to hospital referral. Encounter problems in a timely manner to communicate with the doctor. Orthodontics, high technical content, the course is long, risky, and the cost of orthodontic. Therefore, tooth deformity should choose a doctor of professional oral appliances.